Convincing a Court to Lift a Residence Restriction on a Child (Part 1)

The ability of a court to restrict the residences of children is one which varies under state law, from state to state. I am licensed to practice law in only the State of Texas, so my discussion will focus on Texas law. While there may be similarities to the laws of other states, you should check with an attorney licensed in the state in which your case sits, if that state is not Texas.

The issue of lifting, or modifying, a Residence Restriction, just like with other child custody and possession issues in Texas cases involving children, comes down to determining what is in the child’s best interest.[1]

The Texas Family Code[2] provides that it is the public policy of the State of Texas to:

  • Assure children will have frequent and continuing contact with parents who have shown the ability to act in the best interest of the child; (my emphasis).
  • Provide a safe, stable, and nonviolent environment for the child; (my emphasis, again); and
  • Encourage parents to share in the rights and duties of raising their child after the parents have separated or dissolved their marriage.

 

Accordingly, our Supreme Court has held that that “(t)he Legislature’s expressed public policy considerations guide our analysis of the positive-improvement and best-interest standard in the relocation context, but no bright-line test can be formulated. Suits affecting the parent-child relationship are intensely fact driven, which is why courts have developed best-interest tests that consider and balance numerous factors.

In looking at whether the change to the Residence Restriction is in the child’s best interest, courts should consider, among other things:

(1) the reasons for and against the proposed move;

(2) the effect of that move on extended family relationships;

(3) the effect on visitation and communication with the noncustodial parent to maintain a full and continuous relationship with the child;

(4) the possibility of a visitation schedule allowing the continuation of a meaningful relationship between the noncustodial parent and the child;

(5) the nature of the child’s existing contact with both parents and the child’s age, community ties, and health and educational needs;

(6) whether there is a good-faith reason to request or oppose the move;

(7) the noncustodial parent’s ability to relocate;

(8) the degree of economic, emotional, and educational enhancement for the children and custodial parent; and

(9) the need for continuity and stability in custody arrangements.

Further, to the extent applicable, the best-interest factors used when establishing the initial or current order may be considered

 

Importantly, the controlling considerations for the court are those changes of conditions affecting the welfare of the child. The desires, acts, and claims of the respective parents are secondary considerations and material only as they bear upon the question of the best interest of the child.

 

So, for example, a change affecting the best interest of a child may be whether one or both parents are romantically involved with other individuals who are frequently around the child. If so, what is the nature of the relationship between the new romantic interest and the child? Has either parent developed a Substance Use Disorder? Have the work hours of a parent changed? Is there a new step-brother or sister in the picture? The list of possible changes is long. The idea is to focus on what is new or changed since the order imposing the Residence Restriction was entered. The court will not want to consider whether the Residence Restriction should have been imposed in the first place. That decision was made earlier. Our job will be to show that it is no longer in the child’s best interest.

I hope that this has given you some things to consider. Until next time, keep on loving your kiddos!

 

 

 

[1] TFC Section 153.002

[2] Section 153.00l(a)(l)

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How to Easily Lose Your Child Custody Case and How to Avoid It

Child custody cases are some of the most serious types of cases heard by our courts. And yet, many people shoot themselves in the foot with their own, silly behavior during their cases. They do this despite having paid thousands of dollars for lawyers, psychologists, mediators, and other professionals involved in these cases. And, they do it even though it works against what they are trying to accomplish by spending numerous hours working on their cases with the various professionals involved with their case. Let’s see some common ways that they do this.

Social media. Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Tumblr are great ways to communicate with supportive people, and to present ourselves in our best light. Well, except for when we post pictures of ourselves misbehaving, or behaving irresponsibly, with our friends and coworkers. Think about that tag of you having fun at that special party or Happy Hour. Would you want that image to represent you a trial? If not, then don’t post it.

Also, if you are involved in a divorce, or contested child custody case, you should think twice about the urge to comment on your case; or, on the fitness of your child’s other parent. And it also doesn’t help your case to have a new romantic interest being interjected into your case by appearing prominently within your Facebook feed. At the very least, that opens up a new area of inquiry for others who are involved in your case. And, anything negative that is discovered about that new lover will be transferred to your character.

Keeping Information from your lawyer. Should I really have to explain why this is a bad idea? Your lawyer will try to present you, and your case, in the light most favorable to your case. It is difficult to do that, when your lawyer doesn’t have all of the facts, positive and negative. Your lawyer need to know all significant information about you during your litigation. That means from the beginning of the case, until that last Order is entered by the Court. With the positive information in hand, your lawyer can highlight it. And, as for the negative explanation, it can be considered and minimized before trial. Your lawyer cannot consider it, ask you about it, and counter it, if it is sprung at trial as a surprise. That puts your case at a disadvantage to where it would otherwise, likely, be.

Involving children in your parental relationship. Over the twenty-five (25) years that I have been practicing law in Texas, I have had the opportunity to represent lots of folks involved in contested Family law cases. While I truly believe that very few of them intend to harm their children, many are oblivious to the damage that they inadvertently do to these young people. Making negative remarks to a child, about that child’s other parent or family members is a behavior that is very hurtful to your child’s emotional well-being. And, it is unnecessary. You can establish your relationship with your child, and make that relationship just as strong as you want it to be, without disparaging your child’s other parent.

Making disparaging remarks about the other parent. Making detrimental remarks to a child, about that child’s other parent, is child abuse. It doesn’t matter if you truly believe or know that what you are saying is factual and accurate. It just doesn’t. It is still child abuse, because it harms your child emotionally, in ways that are all too similar to the emotional effects of physical abuse. That intentional infliction of harm is what is abusive.

Failing to shelter kids from hurtful information. The issue of truth is irrelevant to whether your children are harmed by hearing remarks that are negative about their parent. Hearing you make those remarks makes them think badly of the other parent; or to think badly about you for saying such things about the other parent; or both. This is true even if the child asks, even insists, upon knowing the facts of your case. And, this is true even if you believe that “my kids have the right to know what is happening, and why it is happening.”

You have the right to eat as many hamburgers as you like. Still, you might want to question whether eating a dozen of them a day is a healthy idea. Parents should act in ways that are healthy for their children, even if that means sheltering them from things that are harmful to them; like negative talk about their other parent.

Effects on Children. The mental health workers involved in child litigation are absolutely clear about the damage that such disparaging comments have on children. Children who are in the middle of ongoing parental conflict exhibit psychological symptoms similar to those who have been physically abused. Don’t make a negative comment about your child’s other parent (nor that other parent’s family) within the presence or awareness of your child. If you do so, then you might as well punch that child in the mouth. They are both wrong, hurtful, and child abuse.

Legal effects of involving children in parental conflict. As a practical matter, involving your child in parental conflict can cause Child Protective Services (CPS) to investigate you for emotional abuse of your child. They might even remove your child from you, and seek a court order requiring you to be psychologically evaluated, drug tested, and participating in counseling, in order for you to be able to have any contact with your kids. And, even if CPS does not get involved, your making such remarks to your kid (even if they are true) may very well lead a court to limit your rights to have contact with your kids, just like if your abuse was physical, rather than emotional. I have seen that happen. Courts do not tolerate involving children in parental conflicts. Please don’t do it.

Using your children as Messenger Pigeons. We just discussed how children should not be involved in your relationship with their other parent. Sending messages through your children is another way to involve them in the case in an unhealthy way. Your children should not feel like they are responsible in any way for your current relationship with their other parent. They should, instead, feel free to love and to enjoy being with both parents.

Interrogating your children. For some reason, there are parents who feel like it is ok to use their children as spies on the other parent. Parents who question their kids about what happens at the other parent’s house, or what the other parent is doing, are adding stress to their children’s lives, and are preventing their children from being able to just be kids, rather than be involved in parental conflict. Children should be able to focus on “kid issues,” such as their schools, extra-curricular activities, and who they think is cute, not why Mom and dad can’t talk to one another civilly, nor whether either of their parents is a bad person.

Failing to cooperate with your child’s other parent. A related concept to involving kids in ongoing parental conflict is causing them stress by one parent’s being unwilling to cooperate with reasonable requests made by the other parent. If you can switch weekends with the other parent, and that request is made by you, please be open to doing that. This kind of cooperation reduces the stress that a child feels, and also allows your child to experience things with the other parent that he or she might, otherwise, have to miss. You don’t want the court to think that you can’t or won’t co-parent your child. If the court makes that determination, then its orders will be more restrictive of you.

Role modeling poor behavior for your children. All of the items mentioned so far qualify as “poor parenting behavior.” If your child is exposed to them, then he or she may learn to believe that such behaviors are normal or healthy, when (of course) they are neither. But, parents sometimes exhibit other poor behavior to their children, such as drinking too much, drinking and driving, or abusing drugs. It should go without saying that doing any of those things in the presence or awareness of your child, is a quick way to lose your parental rights.

Inappropriately involving your lover in the child’s life. When one romantic relationship ends, it is normal and natural for us to be open to establishing a new love interest. The courts know this, but this must be done in a way that is healthy for your children. For example, if you introduce your child too soon to your love interest, then if that relationship ends, your child will experience the loss of another person in his or her life. And, if that happens on several occasions, then your child will also see that your relationships are uncommitted and short-term. The lesson that you would be teaching your child is that romantic relationships are supposed to be temporary. That is hardly a good attitude for your child to take into his or her own marriage, or even, other serious relationships. It is a way to set your child up to fail.

Failing to follow court orders. Many Family Courts today have so-called “Standing Orders” which go into effect upon the filing of a case involving a child. These orders typically prohibit certain behaviors and are enforceable by jail time, if violated. During the case, your court may also enter other orders. Failing to comply with any court order is a good way to have the court limit your parental rights not to mention sanction you, fine you, or put you in jail. Also, most attorneys will withdraw from representing you because of that blatant disregard for the authority of the court.

Conclusion. Those items mentioned in this piece are but a few of the more common ways that parents mess-up their child custody cases. Of course, there are others. What these mistakes all amount to an unwillingness or inability to act as a responsible parent. When emotions are running high, such as during the litigation of one of these types of cases, we may have a natural tendency to be carried away by that strong emotion. Your demonstrated ability to resist that temptation and to behave in a manner that is healthy for your kids, should favorably impress the court. That is a great way to get started winning your child custody case!

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Parenting With a High Conflict Co-Parent

We have previously written about parenting with a high conflict ex, (parts 1-4). Those articles can be found here. In one of those articles, we discussed when a Parenting Facilitator or Parenting Coordinator can be appointed, and the process of obtaining parenting facilitation. In this article, we will discuss the work of the Parenting Facilitator (PF) or Parenting Coordinator (PC), and the necessary qualifications of these professionals. The difference between the PC and PF is whether the proceedings are confidential. For our purposes today, we will refer to both processes as “Parenting Facilitation” done by a “Parenting Facilitator” or “PF.”

The court must specify the duties of the PF, which may include some or all of these areas:

(1) identifying disputed parenting issues;

(2) reducing misunderstandings;

(3) clarifying priorities & goal setting

(4) exploring possibilities for problem “solving,” rather than “blame” for problems;

(5) developing methods of collaboration in parenting;

(6) understanding parenting plans and reaching agreements about parenting issues to be included in a parenting plan;

(7) complying with the court’s orders regarding conservatorship or possession of and access to the child;

(8) implementing parenting plans for the benefit of the child or children;

(9) obtaining training regarding problem solving, conflict management, and parenting skills; and

(10) settling disputes regarding parenting issues, and reaching a proposed joint resolution or statement of intent regarding those disputes.

In a nod to pragmatism over formality, meetings between the Parenting Facilitator and the parties may be informal, and are not required to follow any specific procedures not otherwise required by law.

Importantly, the appointment of a Parenting Facilitator does not divest the court of its exclusive jurisdiction to determine issues of conservatorship, support, and possession of and access to the child; nor, the authority of the court to exercise management and control of the suit. And, the PF may not modify any order, judgment, or decree. The Parenting Facilitator must comply with the Ethical Guidelines for Mediators as adopted by the Supreme Court of Texas.

The Qualifications of the Parenting Facilitator

Your court will determine the required qualifications of the PF, provided that s/he must have experience working in a field relating to families, have practical experience with high-conflict cases or litigation between parents, and; hold at least either:

  1. a bachelor’s degree in counseling, education, family studies, psychology, or social work;  or a graduate degree in a mental health profession, with an emphasis in family and children’s issues;

 or

  1. be licensed in good standing as an attorney in this state.

Additionally, s/he must complete at least:

(1) eight hours of family violence dynamics training provided by a family violence service provider;

(2) 40 classroom hours of training in dispute resolution techniques (such as mediation) in a course conducted by an alternative dispute resolution system or other dispute resolution organization approved by the court; and

(3) 24 classroom hours of training in the fields of family dynamics, child development, family law and the law governing parenting coordination, and parenting coordination styles and procedures.

In appropriate circumstances, a court may, with the agreement of the parties, appoint a person as parenting coordinator who does not meet all of those requirements, if the court finds that the person has sufficient legal or other professional training or experience in dispute resolution processes to serve in the capacity of Parenting Facilitator.

Successful Co-Parenting can be difficult. It takes work, and a willingness to explore different ways of working with your ex. But, your child will benefit from having successful co-parents. That is why we make the efforts, even when they are initially awkward or uncomfortable. A good Parenting Facilitator can guide you through that process.

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Parenting with a High-Conflict Ex (Part 4)

Initial Steps That You Can Take

In the first three articles of the series, we have discussed things to do, along with what to avoid, when attempting to parent a child(ren) with someone who is disrespectful, rude, or dismissive of you and your parenting preferences. A review of those articles (Part 1 , Part 2, and Part 3 of this series) will bring you up-to-speed on good ground rules and practices that you should be using, if you find yourself in this situation.

Additional Help for You

When dealing with a high-conflict person, it is reasonable to expect that some level of parental conflict will likely remain, since such people tend to be relentless in their demands for unilateral control of their children. You must decide whether that level of conflict is manageable and, thus, acceptable; or, whether more needs to be done to manage the situation. If you decide that you would like for more to be done to resolve the conflict, then an often-effective process is to have the court appoint a Parent Facilitator (a neutral, third-party expert) to work with the parents on identifying problems, and implementing solutions.[1]

Court requirements of the Parents

When the court appoints a Parent Facilitator, both parents are Ordered to attend meetings with the Parent Facilitator, and to meaningfully participate in the facilitation process. This is important, because the high-conflict parent will almost certainly resist having anyone else discuss parenting issues with him or her. They usually are convinced that they know best, and anyone trying to discuss parenting with them is “interfering.”  And so, they should be ordered by the court to attend, and to meaningfully participate in that process.

What if One Parent Refuses to Participate?

If one of the parents, usually the high-conflict one, refuses to follow the court’s Order, then what happens? One advantage of a Parent Facilitator over a Parent Coordinator is that the Parent Facilitator will be required to submit reports to the court, which will discuss: his or her efforts to schedule facilitation meetings with the parents; whether progress is being made in those meetings; whether the process should continue, and so on.[2] Knowing that to be the case, both parents usually will be motivated to attend meetings, discuss parenting issues, and work on implimenting solutions, so that the Parent Facilitator’s report will not reflect a lack of participation by that parent (although the high-conflict parent will initially probably “discuss” how the other parent is bad or wrong, and how that other parent should just accept and appreciate the wisdom of the high-conflict parent). The court, of course, has various remedies to mandate that either its Orders are followed, or significant consequences occur, such as a finding of contempt-of court, and/or a change to the Orders pertaining to the parents and child.

When can a Parent Facilitator be Appointed?

The Texas Family Code provides that in order for a court to appoint a Parenting Facilitator, the court must determine that the case is either a high-conflict one, or that there exists good cause for such appointment. And, as with all Orders pertaining to children, the court must find that   that the appointment is in the best interest of the child. This determination by the court may be made following an agreement of the parties presented to the court, or after a hearing is set, and testimony, along with other evidence, is presented to the court.

Conclusion

Today, we discussed the basics of having a neutral, third-party expert, a Parent Facilitator, assist the parties manage their parenting relationship when it is high-conflict. In the next post, we will delve into the specific procedures and techniques used in that process, and what you can expect to occur in Parent Facilitation.


[1] State such as Texas allow judges to make these appointments in certain circumstances (one of those circumstances is when the case is found by the court to be high conflict.

[2] The other difference between the two (2) positions is that a parenting facilitator may also monitor the parties’ compliance with court orders.

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Parenting A Child With A High Conflict Ex (Part 3)

When a romantic relationship ends, whether by divorce or otherwise, parents often find that their residual emotions spill over into their dealings with one another as they try to work together to parent their children. This can, obviously, pose difficulties in a shared child custody arrangement. We have previously discussed techniques which you can use to mitigate conflict when attempting to co-parent with someone who cannot, or will not, treat you politely and with respect. A review of those articles (Part 1 and Part 2 of this series) will give context to the information which we are discussing today.

One of the recommended techniques to resolve this conflict is putting in place (ahead of time) a method for resolving parenting disagreements outside of court. That way, disagreements can be resolved relatively quickly, easily, and inexpensively. To be successful, that method must consider, and be respectful of, each parent’s, thoughts, views, and wishes about the decision to be made. It can, then, be supported by the court, if challenged by a disgruntled parent who thinks that he or she should be able to unilaterally make decisions about the child or children.

Examples of decisions which parents might disagree about are educational decisions, such as whether to “hold a child back” in a particular grade for a school year; whether to enroll the child in Advanced classes; which electives a child will take; or, whether to have your child “skip” a grade. Other examples are medical decisions, such as whether to have a child start taking medication, say for ADHD or clinical depression; or to start counseling, or undergo surgery or other medical treatment.

One effective dispute resolution method involves writing into the court order a “tie-breaking” procedure, whereby the parents would present their disagreement to someone whom they have previously agreed is a logical person to weigh-in on the matter at hand. The parents might agree, for example, that if they cannot agree on one or more educational decisions for their child, they will allow the child’s school Principal to cast the tie-breaking vote on the decision, after conferring with the child’s teacher, counselor, nurse, or other personnel relevant to that decision.

Similarly, for medical decisions, the parents might agree in advance, or the judge may order, that the child’s Primary Care Physician will cast the tie-breaking vote regarding these decisions. The doctor would first consult with the child, each parent, and any other relevant healthcare professional (such as a medical specialist), prior to making the decision.

Those professional people casting the tie-breaking votes presumably have the child’s best interests at heart. And, they can look at these decisions through their professional education, training, and experiences, without having to wade through the emotional baggage between the parents. Ideally, this process results in a high likelihood that a reasonable decision will be made for your child.

We have been using these types of tie-breaking procedures for our clients since the 1990’s. Over those many years, we have found that these types of tools often keep high- conflict parents from getting “stuck” when trying to make those important decisions for their child which will, inevitably, arise from time-to-time; and, doing so, without our clients having to rehire us to go back to court over the decision.

When a disagreement on a parenting decision occurs, having a process in place which allows a dispassionate professional person to assist in the decision-making, allows stability for the child to occur.

 We appreciate your attention to this article,and would welcome any questions or comments about it which you may wish to send to us from this website. That is all for now. Plan for potential problems with co-parenting, so that you can keep doing what is the very best for your kids!

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